Evidence library
Well established

Cooperation and competition in pathogenic bacteria

Griffin AS, West SA, Buckling A · Nature 2004

Experimental (in vitro)

Key finding

Cooperation was favoured when populations were related and locally structured; cheats won when they were not.

In plain language

A controlled experiment that manipulated who lived next to whom. It showed cooperation is not a fixed trait — it depends on the social structure of the population.

How much weight this carries

Repeatedly demonstrated, with agreement across independent groups.

Cite or read it

Griffin AS, West SA, Buckling A (2004). Cooperation and competition in pathogenic bacteria. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02744

Read the original