Evidence library
Well established

Social evolution theory for microorganisms

West SA, Griffin AS, Gardner A, Diggle SP · Nature Reviews Microbiology 2006

Review

Key finding

Cooperation, spite and cheating in microbes follow the same evolutionary rules as animal social behaviour.

In plain language

This applies the mathematics of animal social behaviour to bacteria and shows the same logic holds. It is the strongest formal basis for treating microbial behaviour as genuinely social.

How much weight this carries

Repeatedly demonstrated, with agreement across independent groups.

Cite or read it

West SA, Griffin AS, Gardner A, Diggle SP (2006). Social evolution theory for microorganisms. Nature Reviews Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1461

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